diff --git a/src/components/ClubCard.tsx b/src/components/ClubCard.tsx
index 4cd20dd..7d47852 100644
--- a/src/components/ClubCard.tsx
+++ b/src/components/ClubCard.tsx
@@ -1,80 +1,128 @@
-import React, { useState, useEffect, useCallback } from 'react';
+// src/components/ClubCard.tsx
+import React, { useState, useEffect, useCallback, useRef } from 'react';
 import type { ClubBasic, ClubDetail } from '@types';
 import { getClubDetails } from '@utils/apiService';
+import activityDetailLimiter from '@utils/concurrencyLimiter';
 
 interface ClubCardProps {
   club: ClubBasic;
   initialDetails?: ClubDetail | null;
   onDetailsLoaded?: (clubId: string, details: ClubDetail) => void;
-  onViewMore: (clubDetail: ClubDetail) => void; // Callback to open modal in parent
+  onViewMore: (clubDetail: ClubDetail) => void;
 }
 
 const ClubCard: React.FC<ClubCardProps> = ({ club, initialDetails = null, onDetailsLoaded, onViewMore }) => {
   const [details, setDetails] = useState<ClubDetail | null>(initialDetails);
-  const [isLoadingDetails, setIsLoadingDetails] = useState<boolean>(!initialDetails);
+  const [isLoadingDetails, setIsLoadingDetails] = useState<boolean>(false); // Don't set to true initially if not visible
   const [error, setError] = useState<string | null>(null);
+  const [isVisible, setIsVisible] = useState<boolean>(false);
+  const cardRef = useRef<HTMLDivElement | null>(null);
 
   const fetchDetailsIfNeeded = useCallback(async () => {
-    if (details || !club.id) return; // Already have details or no ID
+    if (details || !club.id || !isVisible) return; // Already have details, no ID, or not visible
 
     setIsLoadingDetails(true);
     setError(null);
     try {
-      const fetchedDetails = await getClubDetails(club.id);
+      // Run the API call through the concurrency limiter
+      const fetchedDetails = await activityDetailLimiter.run(() => getClubDetails(club.id));
       setDetails(fetchedDetails);
       if (onDetailsLoaded) {
         onDetailsLoaded(club.id, fetchedDetails);
       }
-    } catch (err) {
-      console.error(`Failed to fetch details for club ${club.id}:`, err);
-      setError('Could not load some details.'); // Less critical error now
+    } catch (err: any) {
+      console.error(`Failed to fetch details for club ${club.id} (concurrency controlled):`, err);
+      setError(`Could not load some details. ${err.message || ''}`); // Show more specific error
     } finally {
       setIsLoadingDetails(false);
     }
-  }, [club.id, details, onDetailsLoaded]);
+  }, [club.id, details, onDetailsLoaded, isVisible]); // Add isVisible dependency
 
-  // Fetch details when component mounts if not already provided
+  // IntersectionObserver for lazy loading
   useEffect(() => {
-    fetchDetailsIfNeeded();
-  }, [fetchDetailsIfNeeded]);
+    const observer = new IntersectionObserver(
+      ([entry]) => {
+        if (entry.isIntersecting) {
+          setIsVisible(true);
+          observer.unobserve(entry.target); // Stop observing once visible
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        rootMargin: '0px', // Can be adjusted, e.g., '100px' to load slightly before visible
+        threshold: 0.1    // Trigger when 10% of the element is visible
+      }
+    );
 
-  const handleViewMoreClick = () => {
-    if (details) {
-      onViewMore(details);
-    } else if (!isLoadingDetails) {
-      fetchDetailsIfNeeded().then(() => {
-        // Re-check details state after fetch attempt
-        if(details) onViewMore(details);
-      });
+    if (cardRef.current) {
+      observer.observe(cardRef.current);
+    }
+
+    return () => {
+      if (cardRef.current) {
+        observer.unobserve(cardRef.current);
+      }
+    };
+  }, []); // Run once on mount
+
+  // Fetch details when component becomes visible and details are needed
+  useEffect(() => {
+    if (isVisible && !initialDetails) { // Only fetch if visible and no initial details
+        fetchDetailsIfNeeded();
+    }
+  }, [isVisible, fetchDetailsIfNeeded, initialDetails]);
+
+  const handleViewMoreClick = async () => {
+    let currentDetails = details;
+    if (!currentDetails && !isLoadingDetails) {
+      // If details somehow weren't loaded and not currently loading, try again then open
+      // This attempt will also go through the limiter and retry logic
+      setError(null); // Clear previous error before manual retry via button
+      setIsLoadingDetails(true);
+      try {
+        currentDetails = await activityDetailLimiter.run(() => getClubDetails(club.id));
+        setDetails(currentDetails);
+        if (onDetailsLoaded && currentDetails) {
+          onDetailsLoaded(club.id, currentDetails);
+        }
+      } catch (err: any) {
+         console.error(`Manual fetch failed for club ${club.id}:`, err);
+         setError(`Failed to load details. ${err.message || ''}`);
+      } finally {
+        setIsLoadingDetails(false);
+      }
+    }
+
+    if (currentDetails) {
+      onViewMore(currentDetails);
+    } else {
+        // Optionally inform user that details couldn't be loaded even after click
+        console.warn("Details not available to show in modal for club:", club.id);
     }
   };
 
   const renderDetailItem = (label: string, value: string | undefined | null) => {
-    if (isLoadingDetails && !details) return <p className="card-info-placeholder">{label}: Loading...</p>;
-    // Check specifically for the case where details ARE loaded but the value is missing/null/undefined
+    // Show "Loading..." only if it's visible and actively loading
+    if (isVisible && isLoadingDetails && !details) return <p className="card-info-placeholder">{label}: Loading...</p>;
     if (details && !value) return <p className="card-info-placeholder">{label}: N/A</p>;
-    // If details are not loaded yet, and we are not actively loading, show N/A or nothing? Let's stick to Loading... or the value
-    if (!details && !isLoadingDetails) return <p className="card-info-placeholder">{label}: N/A</p> // Or maybe return null
-    // If we have a value (implies details are loaded)
+    if (!details && !isLoadingDetails && isVisible) return <p className="card-info-placeholder">{label}: N/A</p>;
+    if (!isVisible && !initialDetails) return <p className="card-info-placeholder">{label}: (Scroll to load)</p>; // Placeholder before visible
     if (value) return <p><strong>{label}:</strong> {value}</p>;
-    // Fallback for the loading state (already handled above, but as safety)
-    return <p className="card-info-placeholder">{label}: Loading...</p>;
-  }
+    if (initialDetails && !value) return <p className="card-info-placeholder">{label}: N/A</p>; // For initialDetails case
+    return <p className="card-info-placeholder">{label}: N/A</p>; // Default placeholder
+  };
 
 
   return (
-    <div className="card">
+    <div className="card" ref={cardRef}>
       <div className="card-photo-container">
-        {/* === Updated img tag below === */}
         <img
           src={club.photo}
           alt={club.name}
           className="card-photo"
-          loading="lazy"          // Defer loading until near viewport
-          decoding="async"        // Hint to decode off main thread
-          fetchpriority="low"     // Hint that it's not critical compared to other resources
+          loading="lazy"
+          decoding="async"
+          fetchpriority="low"
          />
-        {/* === End of updated img tag === */}
       </div>
       <div className="card-content">
         <h3>{club.name}</h3>
@@ -88,9 +136,9 @@ const ClubCard: React.FC<ClubCardProps> = ({ club, initialDetails = null, onDeta
         <button
           onClick={handleViewMoreClick}
           className="card-button"
-          disabled={isLoadingDetails && !details} // Disable if actively loading initial essential details
+          disabled={isLoadingDetails} // Disable if actively loading
         >
-          {isLoadingDetails && !details ? 'Loading Details...' : 'View Full Details'}
+          {isLoadingDetails ? 'Loading...' : 'View Full Details'}
         </button>
       </div>
     </div>
diff --git a/src/utils/apiService.ts b/src/utils/apiService.ts
index 8468e54..bbbb3f8 100644
--- a/src/utils/apiService.ts
+++ b/src/utils/apiService.ts
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+// src/utils/apiService.ts
 import type {
   ApiClubListResponse,
   ClubDetail,
@@ -10,19 +11,42 @@ import type {
 
 const BASE_URL = 'https://dsas-cca.jamesflare.com/v1';
 
-async function fetchWithErrorHandling<T>(url: string): Promise<T> {
+// Helper function for delaying
+const delay = (ms: number) => new Promise(resolve => setTimeout(resolve, ms));
+
+async function fetchWithErrorHandling<T>(url: string, isRetryable: boolean = false, attempt: number = 1): Promise<T> {
+  const MAX_RETRY_ATTEMPTS_FOR_NON_PERSISTENT = 3; // Max retries for general errors if not persistent
+  const RETRY_DELAY_MS = 1000; // 1 second for persistent retry
+
   try {
     const response = await fetch(url);
     if (!response.ok) {
-      const errorData = await response.json().catch(() => ({ error: "Failed to parse error response" }));
+      // For 4xx errors, typically don't retry indefinitely as it's a client/request issue
+      if (response.status >= 400 && response.status < 500 && isRetryable) {
+         console.warn(`API Client Error for ${url}: ${response.status}. Not retrying.`);
+         const errorData = await response.json().catch(() => ({ error: "Failed to parse client error response" }));
+         throw new Error(`API Client Error: ${response.status} ${response.statusText}. ${errorData?.error || ''}`);
+      }
+      // For 5xx server errors or network issues, retry is more appropriate
+      const errorData = await response.json().catch(() => ({ error: "Failed to parse server error response" }));
       throw new Error(
         `API Error: ${response.status} ${response.statusText}. ${errorData?.error || ''}`
       );
     }
     return response.json() as Promise<T>;
-  } catch (error) {
-    console.error(`Failed to fetch from ${url}:`, error);
-    throw error; // Re-throw to be handled by the caller
+  } catch (error: any) {
+    if (isRetryable) {
+      console.warn(`Attempt ${attempt} failed for ${url}: ${error.message}. Retrying in ${RETRY_DELAY_MS / 1000}s...`);
+      await delay(RETRY_DELAY_MS);
+      return fetchWithErrorHandling<T>(url, isRetryable, attempt + 1); // Persistent retry
+    } else if (attempt < MAX_RETRY_ATTEMPTS_FOR_NON_PERSISTENT) {
+      // Non-persistent retry for general errors (e.g., initial list fetches)
+      console.warn(`Attempt ${attempt} failed for ${url}: ${error.message}. Retrying (non-persistent)...`);
+      await delay(RETRY_DELAY_MS * attempt); // Simple increasing backoff
+      return fetchWithErrorHandling<T>(url, isRetryable, attempt + 1);
+    }
+    console.error(`Failed to fetch from ${url} after multiple attempts:`, error);
+    throw error; // Re-throw to be handled by the caller after max retries or if not retryable
   }
 }
 
@@ -46,8 +70,10 @@ export async function filterClubs(params: {
   return Object.entries(data).map(([id, club]) => ({ id, ...club }));
 }
 
+// Make getClubDetails retryable persistently
 export async function getClubDetails(activityId: string): Promise<ClubDetail> {
-  return fetchWithErrorHandling<ClubDetail>(`${BASE_URL}/activity/${activityId}`);
+  // Pass `true` for isRetryable to enable persistent retries for this specific endpoint
+  return fetchWithErrorHandling<ClubDetail>(`${BASE_URL}/activity/${activityId}`, true);
 }
 
 export async function getAvailableCategories(): Promise<CategoryCount> {
diff --git a/src/utils/concurrencyLimiter.ts b/src/utils/concurrencyLimiter.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f6b9130
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/utils/concurrencyLimiter.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,44 @@
+// src/utils/concurrencyLimiter.ts
+type AsyncTask<T = any> = () => Promise<T>;
+
+class ConcurrencyLimiter {
+  private limit: number;
+  private activeCount: number;
+  private queue: Array<{ task: AsyncTask; resolve: (value: any) => void; reject: (reason?: any) => void }>;
+
+  constructor(limit: number) {
+    this.limit = limit;
+    this.activeCount = 0;
+    this.queue = [];
+  }
+
+  private async next() {
+    if (this.activeCount >= this.limit || this.queue.length === 0) {
+      return;
+    }
+
+    this.activeCount++;
+    const { task, resolve, reject } = this.queue.shift()!;
+
+    try {
+      const result = await task();
+      resolve(result);
+    } catch (error) {
+      reject(error);
+    } finally {
+      this.activeCount--;
+      this.next();
+    }
+  }
+
+  public run<T>(task: AsyncTask<T>): Promise<T> {
+    return new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
+      this.queue.push({ task, resolve, reject });
+      this.next();
+    });
+  }
+}
+
+// Export a single instance
+const activityDetailLimiter = new ConcurrencyLimiter(16); // As requested
+export default activityDetailLimiter;
\ No newline at end of file