adding line breaks
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@@ -113,14 +113,14 @@ cout << x << " " << y << endl;
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- Like the int type, pointers are not default initialized. We should assume it’s a garbage value, leftover from
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- Like the int type, pointers are not default initialized. We should assume it’s a garbage value, leftover from
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the previous user of that memory.
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the previous user of that memory.
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- Pointers that don’t (yet) point anywhere useful are often explicitly assigned to NULL.
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- Pointers that don’t (yet) point anywhere useful are often explicitly assigned to NULL.
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– NULL is equal to the integer 0, which is a legal pointer value (you can store NULL in a pointer variable).
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- NULL is equal to the integer 0, which is a legal pointer value (you can store NULL in a pointer variable).
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– But NULL is not a valid memory location you are allowed to read or write. If you try to dereference or
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- But NULL is not a valid memory location you are allowed to read or write. If you try to dereference or
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follow a NULL pointer, your program will immediately crash. You may see a segmentation fault, a bus
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follow a NULL pointer, your program will immediately crash. You may see a segmentation fault, a bus
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error, or something about a null pointer dereference.
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error, or something about a null pointer dereference.
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– NOTE: In C++11, we are encouraged to switch to use **nullptr** instead of NULL or 0, to avoid some
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- NOTE: In C++11, we are encouraged to switch to use **nullptr** instead of NULL or 0, to avoid some
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subtle situations where NULL is incorrectly seen as an int type instead of a pointer. For this course we
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subtle situations where NULL is incorrectly seen as an int type instead of a pointer. For this course we
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will assume NULL and nullptr are equivalent.
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will assume NULL and nullptr are equivalent.
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– We indicate a NULL or nullptr value in diagrams with a slash through the memory location box.
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- We indicate a NULL or nullptr value in diagrams with a slash through the memory location box.
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- Comparing a pointer to NULL is very useful. It can be used to indicate whether or not a pointer variable is
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- Comparing a pointer to NULL is very useful. It can be used to indicate whether or not a pointer variable is
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pointing at a useable memory location. For example,
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pointing at a useable memory location. For example,
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```cpp
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```cpp
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