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Jidong Xiao
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# Lecture 17 --- Trees, Part I
# Lecture 18 --- Trees, Part I
## Review from Lecture 16
## Review from Lecture 17
- STL set container class (like STL map, but without the pairs!)
- set iterators, insert, erase, find
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- Binary search trees are the mechanism underlying maps & sets (and multimaps & multisets).
- Mathematically speaking: A _graph_ is a set of vertices connected by edges. And a tree is a special graph that has no _cycles_. The edges that connect nodes in trees and graphs may be _directed_ or _undirected_.
## 17.1 Definition: Binary Trees
## 18.1 Definition: Binary Trees
- A binary tree (strictly speaking, a “rooted binary
tree”) is either empty or is a node that has
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- A nodes parent is the unique node that points to
it. Only the root has no parent.
## 17.2 Definition: Binary Search Trees
## 18.2 Definition: Binary Search Trees
- A binary search tree (often abbreviated to
BST) is a binary tree where at each node
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![alt text](bst.png "binary search tree")
## 17.3 Definition: Balanced Trees
## 18.3 Definition: Balanced Trees
- The number of nodes on each subtree of each node in a
“balanced” tree is approximately the same. In order to
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- In order to claim the performance advantages of trees, we must assume and ensure that our data structure
remains approximately balanced. (Youll see much more of this in Intro to Algorithms!)
## 17.4 Exercise
## 18.4 Exercise
Consider the following values:
4.5, 9.8, 3.5, 13.6, 19.2, 7.4, 11.7
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3. How many exactly balanced binary search trees exist with these numbers? How many exactly balanced
binary trees exist with these numbers?
## 17.5 Beginning our implementation of ds_set: The Tree Node Class
## 18.5 Beginning our implementation of ds_set: The Tree Node Class
- Here is the class definition for nodes in the tree. We will use this for the tree manipulation code we write.
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![alt text](ds_set_diagram.png "ds set diagram")
## 17.6 Exercises
## 18.6 Exercises
1. Write a templated function to find the smallest value stored in a binary search tree whose root node is pointed
to by p.
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tree) of integers. The function should accept a TreeNode<int> pointer as its sole argument and return an
integer. Hint: think recursively!
## 17.7 ds_set and Binary Search Tree Implementation
## 18.7 ds_set and Binary Search Tree Implementation
- A partial implementation of a set using a binary search tree is provided in this [ds_set_starter.h](ds_set_starter.h). We will continue to study this implementation in Lab 10 & the next lecture.
- The increment and decrement operations for iterators have been omitted from this implementation. Next week
@@ -116,7 +116,7 @@ in lecture we will discuss a couple strategies for adding these operations.
- We will use this as the basis both for understanding an initial selection of tree algorithms and for thinking
about how standard library sets really work.
## 17.8 ds_set: Class Overview
## 18.8 ds_set: Class Overview
- There is two auxiliary classes, TreeNode and tree_iterator. All three classes are templated.
- The only member variables of the ds_set class are the root and the size (number of tree nodes).
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- Because the class stores and manages dynamically allocated memory, a copy constructor, operator=, and
destructor must be provided.
## 17.9 Exercises
## 18.9 Exercises
1. Provide the implementation of the member function ds_set<T>::begin. This is essentially the problem of
finding the node in the tree that stores the smallest value.