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# Lecture 17 --- Trees, Part I
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# Lecture 18 --- Trees, Part I
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## Review from Lecture 16
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## Review from Lecture 17
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- STL set container class (like STL map, but without the pairs!)
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- set iterators, insert, erase, find
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- Binary search trees are the mechanism underlying maps & sets (and multimaps & multisets).
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- Mathematically speaking: A _graph_ is a set of vertices connected by edges. And a tree is a special graph that has no _cycles_. The edges that connect nodes in trees and graphs may be _directed_ or _undirected_.
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## 17.1 Definition: Binary Trees
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## 18.1 Definition: Binary Trees
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- A binary tree (strictly speaking, a “rooted binary
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tree”) is either empty or is a node that has
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- A node’s parent is the unique node that points to
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it. Only the root has no parent.
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## 17.2 Definition: Binary Search Trees
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## 18.2 Definition: Binary Search Trees
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- A binary search tree (often abbreviated to
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BST) is a binary tree where at each node
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## 17.3 Definition: Balanced Trees
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## 18.3 Definition: Balanced Trees
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- The number of nodes on each subtree of each node in a
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“balanced” tree is approximately the same. In order to
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- In order to claim the performance advantages of trees, we must assume and ensure that our data structure
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remains approximately balanced. (You’ll see much more of this in Intro to Algorithms!)
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## 17.4 Exercise
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## 18.4 Exercise
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Consider the following values:
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4.5, 9.8, 3.5, 13.6, 19.2, 7.4, 11.7
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3. How many exactly balanced binary search trees exist with these numbers? How many exactly balanced
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binary trees exist with these numbers?
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## 17.5 Beginning our implementation of ds_set: The Tree Node Class
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## 18.5 Beginning our implementation of ds_set: The Tree Node Class
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- Here is the class definition for nodes in the tree. We will use this for the tree manipulation code we write.
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## 17.6 Exercises
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## 18.6 Exercises
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1. Write a templated function to find the smallest value stored in a binary search tree whose root node is pointed
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to by p.
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tree) of integers. The function should accept a TreeNode<int> pointer as its sole argument and return an
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integer. Hint: think recursively!
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## 17.7 ds_set and Binary Search Tree Implementation
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## 18.7 ds_set and Binary Search Tree Implementation
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- A partial implementation of a set using a binary search tree is provided in this [ds_set_starter.h](ds_set_starter.h). We will continue to study this implementation in Lab 10 & the next lecture.
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- The increment and decrement operations for iterators have been omitted from this implementation. Next week
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- We will use this as the basis both for understanding an initial selection of tree algorithms and for thinking
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about how standard library sets really work.
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## 17.8 ds_set: Class Overview
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## 18.8 ds_set: Class Overview
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- There is two auxiliary classes, TreeNode and tree_iterator. All three classes are templated.
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- The only member variables of the ds_set class are the root and the size (number of tree nodes).
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- Because the class stores and manages dynamically allocated memory, a copy constructor, operator=, and
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destructor must be provided.
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## 17.9 Exercises
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## 18.9 Exercises
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1. Provide the implementation of the member function ds_set<T>::begin. This is essentially the problem of
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finding the node in the tree that stores the smallest value.
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