adding rb trees

lectures/rb_trees/README.md

@@ -0,0 +1,129 @@
+
+# Lecture 21 --- Trees, Part IV
+
+Review from Lecture 20
+- Breadth-first and depth-first tree search
+- Increement/decrement operator
+- Tree height, longest-shortest paths, breadth-first search
+- Last piece of ds_set: removing an item, erase
+- Erase with parent pointers, increment operation on iterators
+- Limitations of our ds set implementatioN
+
+## Today’s Lecture
+
+- Red Black Trees
+- B+ Trees
+
+## 21.1 Red-Black Trees
+In addition to the binary search tree properties, the following 
+red-black tree properties are maintained throughout all 
+modifications to the data structure:
+
+- Each node is either red or black.
+- The root node is always black.
+- The NULL child pointers are black.
+- Both children of every red node are black.
+- Thus, the parent of a red node must also be black.
+- All paths from a particular node to a NULL child pointer contain the same
+  number of black nodes.
+
+![alt text](Red_Black.png "Red_Black Tree example")
+
+What tree does our **ds_set** implementation produce if we insert the
+numbers 1-14 **in order**?
+ 
+ 
+ 
+ 
+ 
+ 
+
+The tree at the top is the result using a red-black tree.  Notice how the tree is still quite balanced.  
+
+Visit these links for an animation of the sequential insertion and re-balancing:
+
+http://babbage.clarku.edu/~achou/cs160fall03/examples/bst_animation/RedBlackTree-Example.html
+
+https://www.cs.usfca.edu/~galles/visualization/RedBlack.html
+
+http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vDHFF4wjWYU&noredirect=1
+
+What is the best/average/worst case height of a red-black tree with $n$ nodes?
+
+ 
+ 
+ 
+ 
+ 
+ 
+
+What is the best/average/worst case shortest-path from root to leaf node in a red-black tree with $n$ nodes?
+
+ 
+ 
+ 
+ 
+ 
+ 
+
+## Exercise 21.2
+Fill in the tree on the right with the integers 1-7 to make a binary search tree.  Also, color each node "red" or "black" so that the tree also fulfills the requirements of a Red-Black tree. 
+
+![alt text](Red_Black_fillin.png "Red_Black Tree Fill In example")
+
+Which nodes are red?
+
+**Note:** Red-Black Trees are just one algorithm for **self-balancing binary search tress**. We have many more, including the AVL trees that we discussed last week.
+
+## 21.3 Trinary Tree
+
+A  **trinary tree** is similar to a binary tree except that each node has at most 3 children.  
+
+Write a **recursive** function named **EqualsChildrenSum** that takes one argument, a pointer to the root of a trinary tree, and returns true if the value at each non-leaf node is the sum of the values of all of its children and false otherwise.  In
+the examples below, the tree on the left will return true and the tree on the right will return false.
+
+```cpp
+class Node {
+  public:
+    int value;
+    Node* left;
+    Node* middle;
+    Node* right;
+  };
+```
+![alt text](Trinary_trees.png "Trinary Trees example")
+
+## 21.4 B+ Trees
+
+Unlike binary search trees, nodes in B+ trees (and their predecessor, the B tree) have up to b children. Thus
+B+ trees are very flat and very wide. This is good when it is very expensive to move from one node to another.
+- B+ trees are supposed to be associative (i.e. they have key-value pairs), but we will just focus on the keys.
+- Just like STL map and STL set, these keys and values can be any type, but keys must have an operator<
+defined.
+- In a B tree key-value pairs can show up anywhere in the tree, in a B+ tree all the key-value pairs are in the
+leaves and the non-leaf nodes contain duplicates of some keys.
+- In either type of tree, all leaves are the same distance from the root.
+- The keys are always sorted in a B/B+ tree node, and there are up to b − 1 of them. They act like b − 1 binary
+search tree nodes mashed together.
+- In fact, with the exception of the root, nodes will always have between roughly b/2 and b − 1 keys (in our
+implementation).
+- If a B+ tree node has k keys key0, key1, key2, . . . , keyk−1, it will have k + 1 children. The keys in the leftmost
+child must be < key0, the next child must have keys such that they are ≥key0 and < key1, and so on up to
+the rightmost child which has only keys ≥keyk−1.
+
+A B+ tree visualization can be seen at: https://www.cs.usfca.edu/~galles/visualization/BPlusTree.html
+
+![alt text](BplusTrees.png "Bplus_Trees example")
+
+Considerations in a full implementation:
+- What happens when we want to add a key to a node that's already full?
+- How do we remove values from a node?
+- How do we ensure the tree stays balanced?
+- How to keep laves linked together? WHy would we want this?
+- How to represent key-value pairs?
+
+## 21.5 Exercise
+
+Draw a B+ tree with b=3 with values inserted in the order 1,2,3,4,5,6. Now draw a B+ tree with b=3 and values inserted in the order 6,5,4,3,2,1. The two trees have a different number of levels.
+
+